Rocks, Minerals, Crystal Guide

Ayini ama-Rocks
Itshe liyinqwaba eqinile yezinto zokwakha zezwe. Izinto zokuma komhlaba zihlanganisa amakristalu amaminerali angawodwana, okuqinile okungewona amaminerali njengengilazi, izingcezu eziqhekezwe kwamanye amadwala, ngisho nezinsalela. Izinto ze-geological emadwaleni zingase zibe izinto ezingaphili, kodwa zingafaka nezinto eziphilayo ezifana nezitshalo ezibolile kancane ezigcinwe emalahleni. Itshe lingakhiwa uhlobo olulodwa kuphela lwe-geological material noma amaminerali, kodwa amaningi akhiwe izinhlobo eziningana.

Amadwala aqoqwe abe yizigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko ngokusekelwe endleleni akhiwe ngayo. Amadwala avuthayo akha lapho idwala elincibilikisiwe liphola futhi liqina. Amatshe ayizinsika akha lapho izingcezwana zamanye amadwala zigqitshwa, zicindezelwa, futhi zihlanganiswe nosimende; noma lapho amaminerali encibilika exazululeni, ngokuqondile noma ngosizo lwento ephilayo. Amadwala e-Metamorphic akheka lapho ukushisa nokucindezela kushintsha idwala elivele likhona. Nakuba amazinga okushisa engaba phezulu kakhulu, i-metamorphism ayibandakanyi ukuncibilika kwedwala.

Idwala yinoma iyiphi inqwaba eqinile eyenzeka ngokwemvelo. Mayelana nokubunjwa kuyinhlanganisela yamaminerali. Isibonelo idwala le-granite elakhiwe i-quartz, i-feldspar ne-mica njll.

Ayini Amaminerali
Iminerali iyisici noma ikhemikhali ejwayele ukuba yikristalu futhi eyakheke ngenxa yezinqubo zokuma komhlaba. Izibonelo zifaka i-quartz, amaminerali e-feldspar, i-calcite, isulfure kanye namaminerali obumba afana ne-kaolinite ne-smectite.

Amaminerali ayizakhi ngokwemvelo noma izinhlanganisela. Iningi liyizinto eziqinile ezingaphili (ngaphandle kwe-liquid mercury kanye namaminerali ambalwa e-organic) futhi achazwa ukwakheka kwawo kwamakhemikhali kanye nesakhiwo sekristalu.

Amaminerali angabonakala kalula ngezakhiwo eziningana zomzimba ezinjengokuqina, ukucwebezela, ukuhlakazeka nokuqhekeka. Isibonelo, i-mineral talc ithambile kakhulu futhi iklwejwa kalula kuyilapho i-mineral quartz iqinile futhi ayiklwebheki kalula.

Amakristalu
ikristalu, noma iyiphi into eqinile lapho ingxenye yama-athomu ihlelwa ngephethini eqondile futhi okujwayelekile kwayo kukhombisa ukulinganisa kwayo kwangaphakathi.
Wonke amaminerali akha ohlelweni olulodwa lwekristalu eyisikhombisa: isometric, tetragonal, orthorhombic, monoclinic, triclinic, hexagonal, kanye ne-trigonal. Ngayinye ihlukaniswa ngamapharamitha wejometri weyunithi yeyunithi yeseli, ukuhlelwa kwama-athomu okuphindaphindiwe kulo lonke eliqinile ukuze enze into yekristalu esingayibona futhi siyizwe.

Lokho wonke amakristalu afana ngakho ukwakheka kwamangqamuzana okuhleleke kahle kakhulu. Ku-crystal, wonke ama-athomu (noma ama-ion) ahlelwa ngephethini yegridi evamile. Isibonelo, endabeni kasawoti wetafula (NaCl), amakristalu akhiwe ngamacube e-sodium (Na) ion kanye ne-chlorine (Cl) ion. I-ion ngayinye ye-sodium izungezwe ama-ion e-chlorine ayisithupha. I-chlorine ion ngayinye izungezwe ama-ion ayisithupha e-sodium. Iphindaphinda kakhulu, okuyikhona kanye okuyenza ibe yikristalu!

Amatshe ayigugu
Itshe eliyigugu (elibizwa nangokuthi i-fine gem, i-jewel, itshe eliyigugu, itshe eliyigugu, noma i-gem nje) ucezu lwekristalu yamaminerali okuthi, ngesimo esisikiwe nesiphucuziwe, sisetshenziselwa ukwenza ubucwebe noma okunye ukuhloba.

Amatshe ayigugu angamaminerali, amatshe, noma izinto eziphilayo eziye zakhethwa ngenxa yobuhle bazo, ukuqina, nokungatholakali kwazo bese ziyasikwa noma zihlanganiswe futhi ziphucuziwe ukuze kwenziwe ubucwebe noma okunye ukuhloba komuntu. Ngisho noma amatshe ayigugu amaningi eqinile, amanye athambile kakhulu noma antekenteke ukuba angasetshenziselwa ubucwebe, ngakho avame ukubukiswa kumamyuziyamu futhi afunwa abaqoqi.

Umbala Wamatshe Ayigugu
Amatshe ayigugu ahlukene ngobuhle bawo, futhi amaningi atholakala ezinhlobonhlobo ezimangalisayo zemithunzi nemibala. Amatshe ayigugu amaningi anobuhle obuncane esimweni esimahhadlahhadla, angase abukeke njengamatshe avamile noma amatshe amatshe, kodwa ngemva kokusika nokupholisha okunekhono umbala ogcwele nokucwebezela kungabonakala.