Botany Exam Prep

I-Botany Exam Prep

Izici ezibalulekile zalolu hlelo lokusebenza:
• Kwimodi yokuzilolonga ungabona incazelo echaza impendulo efanele.
• Ukuhlolwa kwangempela kwesitayela sokuhlolwa okuyinhlekisa ngesibonisi esinesikhathi
• Ikhono lokuzenzela inhlekisa esheshayo ngokukhetha inombolo yama-MCQ’s.
• Ungakha iphrofayela yakho futhi ubone umlando wakho wemiphumela ngokuchofoza okukodwa nje.
• Lolu hlelo lokusebenza luqukethe inombolo enkulu yemibuzo esethiwe ehlanganisa yonke indawo yesilabhasi.

I-Botany yaqala emlandweni wangaphambili njenge-herbalism ngemizamo yabantu bokuqala ukuhlonza - futhi kamuva ukuhlakulela - izitshalo ezidliwayo, zokwelapha nezinobuthi, okwenza kube elinye lamagatsha amadala kakhulu esayensi. Izingadi ze-physic zangeNkathi Ephakathi, ngokuvamile ezixhunywe ezigodini zezindela, zaziqukethe izitshalo ezibalulekile kwezokwelapha. Babengabanduleli bezingadi zokuqala zezitshalo ezixhunywe emanyuvesi, ezasungulwa kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1540s kuqhubeke. Enye yezokuqala kwakuyingadi yezitshalo yasePadua. Lezi zingadi zenza kube lula ukufunda ngezitshalo. Imizamo yokubhala ikhathalogi nokuchaza amaqoqo abo yaba yisiqalo se-taxonomy yezitshalo, futhi yaholela ngo-1753 ohlelweni lwe-binomial luka-Carl Linnaeus olusasetshenziswa kuze kube namuhla.

Ngekhulu le-19 nelama-20, kwasungulwa amasu amasha okucwaninga izitshalo, okuhlanganisa izindlela ze-optical microscopy ne-live cell imaging, i-electron microscopy, ukuhlaziywa kwenombolo ye-chromosome, amakhemikhali ezitshalo kanye nesakhiwo kanye nomsebenzi wama-enzyme namanye amaprotheni. Emashumini amabili eminyaka adlule ekhulu lama-20, izazi zezitshalo zasebenzisa amasu okuhlaziya izakhi zofuzo zamangqamuzana, okuhlanganisa i-genomics ne-proteomics kanye nokulandelana kwe-DNA ukuze zihlukanise izitshalo ngokunembe kakhudlwana.

Isayensi yezitshalo yesimanje iyisifundo esibanzi, esinemikhakha eminingi esinemibono evela kweminye imikhakha yesayensi nobuchwepheshe. Izihloko zocwaningo zifaka ukufundwa kwesakhiwo sezitshalo, ukukhula nokuhlukaniswa, ukuzala kabusha, i-biochemistry kanye ne-metabolism eyinhloko, imikhiqizo yamakhemikhali, ukuthuthukiswa, izifo, ubudlelwano bokuziphendukela kwemvelo, i-systematics, kanye ne-taxonomy yezitshalo. Izindikimba ezivelele ekhulwini lama-21 isayensi yezitshalo ziyizakhi zofuzo zamangqamuzana kanye ne-epigenetics, okuyizindlela nokulawula ukubonakaliswa kofuzo ngesikhathi sokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli ezitshalo nezicubu. Ucwaningo lwezesayensi lwezitshalo lunezinhlelo ezihlukene zokuhlinzeka ngokudla okuyisisekelo, izinto ezinjengamapulangwe, uwoyela, irabha, ifayibha nezidakamizwa, ekulimeni kwesimanjemanje, ezolimo namahlathi, ukusabalalisa izitshalo, ukuzalanisa kanye nokuguqulwa kofuzo, ekuhlanganiseni amakhemikhali nezinto zokusetshenziswa zokwakha kanye ukukhiqizwa kwamandla, ekuphathweni kwemvelo, kanye nokugcinwa kwemvelo ehlukahlukene.